Photovoltaic panels (PV panels)

Photovoltaic panels (PV panels) are devices that convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. When sunlight hits semiconductor materials such as silicon, it excites electrons and creates an electric current. Each panel is made up of many solar cells protected by glass, encapsulation layers, a backsheet, and a frame. The electricity produced is direct current (DC), which can be used directly, stored in batteries, or converted into alternating current (AC) using an inverter for home or grid use.

There are several types of PV panels: monocrystalline (high efficiency and long lifespan), polycrystalline (lower cost), thin-film (lightweight and flexible), and bifacial (capture sunlight on both sides). Efficiency typically ranges between 18% and 23%, depending on material quality, orientation, and sunlight conditions.

PV panels produce clean, emission-free electricity, require minimal maintenance, and can last over 25 years. They are central to global renewable energy strategies and the transition to net-zero emissions.