Biopolymers

Biopolymers are natural polymers produced by living organisms or synthesized from renewable biological sources such as plants, algae, or microorganisms. They consist of long molecular chains made up of repeating units called monomers, which are linked through biochemical or polymerization processes. Common types include polysaccharides (like cellulose, starch, and chitin), proteins (such as collagen, silk, and keratin), and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). Modern biopolymers can also be bio-based and biodegradable plastics—for example, polylactic acid (PLA) or polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), used as sustainable alternatives to petroleum-based plastics. Biopolymers are valued for being renewable, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly, reducing pollution and dependence on fossil fuels. They are widely applied in packaging, medicine, agriculture, textiles, and 3D printing, playing a key role in the circular economy and the transition to sustainable materials.